[昂立版]2005年6月18日四级阅读试题分析
昂立教育四六级项目部主任 唐天
全国范围的最后一次旧版大学英语四级考试已于今年6月18日落下帷幕了。昂立教育与沪江英语网共同在考后第一时间给考生们提供了及时准确的参考答案，点击率逾十万次，网友们对我们提供的参考答案、作文范文和听力原文好评如潮。这几天在网上浏览时发现各家网站提供的参考答案良莠不齐，给考生们为自己准确估分带来了一定的困难，笔者认为有必要就此次四级考试内容发表一点个人的看法，希望对考生们有所帮助。由于篇幅有限，笔者将重点阐述其对四级阅读理解部分的看法。
从选材角度看的话，这次的阅读理解是在我们的意料之中的。四篇阅读理解文章的题材分别涉及美国的能源短缺问题，语言在体育比赛中起到的作用，产品标签与ISO规定不符的问题和环境保护问题。就体裁而言，前两篇是议论文，后两篇是说明文。从题型来看，阅读理解向来是以主题题、细节题、推断题、词汇题和作者态度题这五种题型出现的。在这次考试中，细节题占了12题，推断题占了6道，主题题占了2道，而词汇题和作者态度题没出现。细节题占的比例很高，为考生确保一定的分数奠定了基础，因为细节题的答案就在原文中定位。和往年相比，这次推断题的比例略偏高，特别是在第一篇文章中推断题占了3道，给了不少考生一个“下马威”。值得注意的是这次考试没考词汇题，这恰恰反映了新四六级考试的一个趋势：词汇理解试题将不再混杂在篇章理解题目中，而会作为一个单独的题型出现在新四六级考试中。这次四级A卷中第一篇文章和第三篇文章相对来说比较要难，因为推断题的大部分集中在第一篇文章中，而第三篇文章虽说以细节题为主，却比较难定位答案。
第一篇文章是议论文，讲的是美国能源短缺问题。文章的脉络十分清晰，以设问的方式开头，提出“北冰洋国家野生动物保护区下面储藏的石油够不够保证美国未来的能源供应？”这个问题。然后文章中给出了正反两种观点，第一个观点认为北冰洋国家野生动物保护区下面储藏的石油能极大地缓和美国能源短缺的现状，而第二个观点的持有者环境保护者们则认为该地区能开采利用的石油对解决能源短缺问题无异与杯水车薪。第22，24和25题为推断题，第21和23题为细节题。第21和23题的答案可以直接从文章划线处得出答案，比较直观，就不再赘述。值得提醒大家的是这两题的解答当中都运用了“同义变换”这个应试技巧。第21题答案C) It will help reduce the nation’s oil imports 中的“reduce imports”和原文中的 “provide a boost to the country’s energy independence”正好对应。第23题答案B) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problems 中的 “do little to solve”和原文中的 “do virtually nothing to ease”也构成了同义变换。考生们在考试中可利用这个原则来判断自己作出的选择是否正确。第22题和25题比较容易得出答案，只要考生对文章的脉络有一个大致的把握就行。第22题问“我们可以从第二段中推断出什么”。前面已经提到，这篇文章中提出了正反两种观点，第二段阐述的是第一个观点，当然应该选A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields。第25题问：我们能从文章中得知有关“开采北冰洋国家野生动物保护区下面储藏的石油”的什么信息？文章中既然给出了两种截然相反的观点，足以说明这个问题是存在争议(controversial)的，所以A) remains a controversial issue是正确答案。这两题都可以使用“择优法”来答题，即可以立刻从四个选项中选出正确的，而不需要采用“排除法”。第24题的解答需要用一点逻辑判断能力。 “Not so fast” 是第三段的第一句话，应该是第二段和第三段之间的过渡。第二段说的是开采该地区的石油能带来这样那样的好处，第三段要提出反面的观点，所以由此判断“Not so fast”的作用是批驳前一种观点，来引出另一种观点，故选项C) Don’t be too optimistic最符合。
Passage one
Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区) (ANWR) to help secure America’s energy future ? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR’s oil would help ease California’s electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country’s energy independence. (21) But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth, with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels.
The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of U.S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U.S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall（意外之财）in tax revenues, royalties(开采权使用费)and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage to the environment would be insignificant. “We’ve never had a document case of oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice.” says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan.
Not so fast, say environmentalists . Sticking to the low end of government estimates, the National Resources Defense Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of economically recoverable oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket that would do virtually nothing to ease America’s energy problems.(23) And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after much bargaining over leases, environmental permits and regulatory review. As for ANWR’s impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State’s electricity output –and just 3% of the nation’s.
21. What does President Bush think of tapping oil in ANWR?
A) It will exhaust the nation’s oil reserves.
B) It will help secure the future of ANWR.
C) It will help reduce the nation’s oil imports
D) It will increase America’s energy consumption
22. We learn from the second paragraph that the American oil industry _______
A) believes that drilling for oil in ANWR will produce high yields
B) tends to exaggerate America’s reliance on foreign oil
C) shows little interest in tapping oil in ANWR
D) expects to stop oil imports from Saudi Arabia
23. Those against oil drilling in ANWR argue that _________
A) it can cause serious damage to the environment
B) it can do little to solve U.S. energy problems
C) it will drain the oil reserves in the Alaskan region
D) it will not have much commercial value
24. What do the environmentalists mean by saying “Not so fast” (Line 1, Para .3)?
A) Oil exploitation takes a long time
B) The oil drilling should be delayed
C) Don’t be too optimistic
D) Don’t expect fast returns
25. It can be learned from the passage that oil exploitation beneath ANWR’s frozen earth ________.
A) remains a controversial issue
B) is expected to get under way soon
C) involves a lot of technological problems
D) will enable the U.S. to be oil independent
第三篇是说明文，讲述的是产品标签与ISO的规定不符的问题。文章结构比较松散，段落短而多，给考生们的阅读和理解造成了一定的困难。这类文章最大的特点就是本身难度不大，但是形式上很唬人，要么就是巨长无比，要么就是段落多得要命，但每段都是一两句话。所以，处理这类文章切忌咬文嚼字，不能在细枝末节上纠缠不清。应该充分利用“不求甚解”这条处理四六级阅读理解文章的总原则，关键是把握首尾段，对文章主体部分采用略读的方式，只求有个大致的印象即可做题。首段告诉我们一项研究表明很多产品包装上有关该产品是否环保的说明迷惑了并误导了消费者。尾段告诉我们ISO是不允许产品包装上使用模糊的并容易误导消费者的字眼的，所以某个组织的一个叫Page的人说他们组织的目的就是要让跨国公司产品包装上的用词符合ISO的规定。再略读一下中间的段落，发现文章先用了一半篇幅介绍第一段中提到的这个研究，然后阐明了做这项研究的目的和意义何在。了解了这些就可以做题了。第31，32，33和34题都是细节题，第35题是推断题。第31－34题都可以从文章相应划线处定位答案，这其中还是凸现了“同义变换”的原则。比如，第31题的答案B) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving 中的“unclear or deceiving”和原文中“confused and misled”，第34题答案B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false 中的“false”和原文中的“misleading”都属于同义变换。第32题的解答可以利用“相反原则”。一般而言，出题者肯定会把和正确答案相对的内容设计成一个干扰项，所以四个选项中有两个正好相反的话，答案必是其一。观察第32题四个选项，C和D正好相反，而这篇文章反复讲消费者被迷惑，被误导，所以D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment 是答案。第35题可以从最后一段推断出来，难度不大，比较明显。
Passage three
Consumers are being confused and misled by the hodge-podge (大杂烩) of environmental claims made by household products(31), according to a “green labeling” study published by Consumers International Friday .
Among the report’s more outrageous (令人无法容忍的) findings-a German fertilizer described itself as “ earthworm friendly” a brand of flour said it was “non-polluting” and a British toilet paper claimed to be “environmentally friendlier”
The study was written and researched by Britain’s National Consumer Council (NCC) for lobby group Consumer International. It was funded by the German and Dutch governments and the European Commission.
“ While many good and useful claims are being made , it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of products they buy(32),” said Consumers International director Anna Fielder .
The 10-country study surveyed product packaging in Britain., Western Europe, Scandinavia, and the United States. It found that products sold in Germany and the United Kingdom made the most environmental claims on average.
The report focused on claims made by specific products , such as detergent (洗涤剂) insect sprays and by some garden products . It did not test the claims, but compared them to labeling guidelines set by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in September, 1999.(33)
Researchers documented claims of environmental friendliness made by about 2,000 products and found many too vague or too misleading to meet ISO standards.
“Many products had specially-designed labels to make them seem environmentally friendly, but in fact many of these symbols mean nothing” said report researcher Philip Page.
“Laundry detergents made the most number of claims with 158. Household cleaners were second with 145 separate claims, while paints were third on our list with 73. The high numbers show how very confusing it must be for consumers to sort the true from the misleading.”(34)he said.
The ISO labeling standards ban vague or misleading claims on product packaging, because terms such as “environmentally friendly” and “non-polluting” cannot be verified. “What we are now pushing for is to have multinational corporations meet the standards set by the ISO.”(35) said Page.
31. According to the passage, the NCC found it outrageous that ______
A) all the products surveyed claim to meet ISO standards
B) the claims made by products are often unclear or deceiving
C) consumers would believe many of the manufactures’ claim
D) few products actually prove to be environment friendly
32. As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers _____
A) are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy
B) are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling
C) are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment
D) still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment
33. A study was carried out by Britain’s NCC to _______
A) find out how many claims made by products fail to meet environmental standards
B) inform the consumers of the environmental impact of the products they buy
C) examine claims made by products against ISO standards
D) revise the guidelines set by the International Standards Organization
34. What is one of the consequences caused by the many claims of household products?
A) They are likely to lead to serious environmental problems
B) Consumers find it difficult to tell the true from the false
C) They could arouse widespread anger among consumer
D) Consumers will be tempted to buy products they don’t need
35. It can be inferred from the passage that the lobby group Consumer International wants to _______.
A) make product labeling satisfy ISO requirements
B) see all household products meet environmental standards
C) warn consumers of the danger of so-called green products
D) verify the efforts of non-polluting products
总的来说，这次四级考试阅读理解部分难度与往年基本持平。只要阅读方法和答题技巧运用得当，考生们应该能取得比较理想的成绩。对于将在下一次试行的新四六级考试而言，笔者认为考生们也不用过分担心，因为“万变不离其宗”。新的阅读理解中老题型（即篇章理解）部分的出题点不会有太大的变化，考生们还是应该立足现有的真题，把握好真题训练仍然会起到事半功倍的效果。
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