星火2008年12月六级模拟试卷样题及解析

Model Test

Part Ⅰ    Writing      (30 minutes)

Directions:   For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Paying back Student Loans. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.

1. 现今，在高校有许多大学生通过助学贷款完成自己的学业

2. 但是有些学生毕业后没有能力或拒绝按时还贷

3. 我认为贷款的学生应如何对待还贷问题

On Paying back Student Loans

Part Ⅱ   Reading Comprehension (Skimming 齁�䨕䓹碆ࢪ퉶http://bulo.hjenglish.com/goal.htm©版权所有沪江网퉶ࢪ碆䓹䨕�齁and Scanning)    (15 minutes)

Directions：In this part you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer sheet 1.

For questions 1-4, mark

Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;

N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;

NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.

For questions 5-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.

Reading Baby's Mind

The helpless, seemingly awkward infant staring up at you from his little bed, has a lot more going on inside his head than you ever imagined. A wealth of new research is leading child psychologists to rethink their long-held beliefs about the emotional and intellectual abilities of even very young babies. Science is now giving us a much different picture of what goes on inside their hearts 캊磝�̧႕勱http://cet.hjenglish.com©版权所有沪江网勱႕̧�磝캊and heads. Long before they form their first words or attempt the feat of sitting up, they are already mastering complex emotions-jealousy, empathy (移情), frustration-that were once thought to be learned much later.

A New Baby Research

Little Victoria Bateman is blue-eyed and as cute a baby as there ever was. At 6 months, she is also trusting and unsuspecting, which is a good thing, because otherwise she'd never go along with what's about to happen. It's a sunny June afternoon in Lubbock, Texas, ꃡĦ匁ာ蠫琣http://bulo.hjenglish.com/group.htm©版权所有沪江网琣蠫ာ匁Ħꃡand inside the Human Sciences lab at Texas Tech University, Victoria's mother is settling her daughter into a high chair, where she is the latest subject in an ongoing experiment aimed at understanding the way babies think. Sybil Hart, an associate professor of human development and leader of the study, trains video cameras on mother 芽蝐썞ʯþ욗缧鞸http://bulo.hjenglish.com/myfeed/©版权所有沪江网鞸缧욗þʯ썞蝐芽and daughter. Everything is set. Hart hands the mother, Cheryl Bateman, a children's book,  Elmo Pops In,  and instructs her to engross herself in its pages. "Just have a conversation with me about the book, " Hart tells her. "The most important thing is, do not look at Victoria. " As the two women chat, Victoria looks around the room, feeling a little bored.

After a few minutes, Hart leaves the room 驂噍띠�蜣庙삹⬻http://bulo.hjenglish.com/event/©版权所有沪江网⬻삹庙蜣�띠噍驂and returns cradling a lifelike baby doll. Dramatically, Hart places it in Cheryl Bateman's arms, and tells her to embrace the doll while continuing to ignore Victoria. "That's OK, little baby, "  Bateman coos, hugging and rocking the doll. Victoria is not bored anymore. At first, she cracks her best smile. When that doesn't work, she begins kicking. But her mom pays her no mind. That's when Victoria loses it. Soon she's crying so hard it looks like she might spit up. Hart rushes in. "OK, we're done, " she says, ⼤赋批頄䆜㉎㨮⽍http://www.yeshj.com/©版权所有沪江网⽍㨮㉎䆜頄批赋⼤and takes back the doll. Cheryl Bateman goes to comfort her daughter. "I've never seen her react like that to anything, "she says. Over the last 10 months, Hart has repeated the scene hundreds of times. It's the same in nearly every case: tiny babies, overwhelmed with jealousy. Even Hart was stunned to find that infants could experience an emotion, which, until recently, was thought to be way beyond their grasp.

Findings of Baby Research

The new research is sure to confuse new parents-see, Junior is a genius-but it's more than just an academic exercise. Armed with the new information, pediatricians (儿科医生) are starting to change the way they evaluate their youngest patients. In addition to tracking physical development, they are now focusing much more deeply on emotional advancement. The research shows how powerful emotional well-being is to a child's future health. A baby who fails to meet certain key "emotional milestones"   may have trouble learning to speak, read and, later, do well in school. By reading emotional responses, doctors have begun to discover ways to tell if a baby as young as 3 months is showing early signs of possible psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, learning disabilities and perhaps autism.   

One of the earliest emotions that even tiny babies display is, admirably enough, empathy. In fact, concern for others may be hard-wired into babies' brains. Place a newborn down next to another crying infant, 讏䫌薂고儶http://bulo.hjenglish.com/podcast.htm©版权所有沪江网儶고薂䫌讏and chances are, both babies will soon be wailing (悲叹) away. "People have always known that babies cry when they hear other babies cry, " says Martin Hoffman, a psychology professor at New York University who did the first studies on infant empathy in the 1970s. "The question was, why are they crying?"   Does it mean that the baby is truly concerned for his fellow human, or just annoyed by the racket? A recent study conducted in Italy, which built on Hoffman's own work, has largely settled the question. Researchers played for infants tapes of other babies' crying. As predicted, that was enough to start the tears flowing. But when researchers played babies,   recordings of their own cries, they rarely began crying themselves. The verdict:"there is some empathy in place, right from birth, " Hoffman says. The intensity of the emotion tends to fade over time. Babies older than 6 months no longer cry but grimace (作苦相) at the discomfort of others. By 13 to 15 months, babies tend to take matters into their own hands. They'll try to comfort a crying playmate. "What I find most charming is when, even if the two mothers are present, they'll bring their own mother over to help, "  Hoffman says.

Part of that empathy may come from another early-baby skill, the ability to discern emotions from the facial expressions of the people around them. "Most textbooks still say that babies younger than 6 months don't recognize emotions, " says Diane Montague, assistant professor of psychology at LaSalle University in Philadelphia. To put that belief to the test, Montague came up with a twist on every infant's favorite game, and recruited dozens of 4-month-olds to play along. She began by peeking around a cloth with a big smile on her face. Predictably, the babies were delighted, ॖ鲕뿙�㖬儢鍡http://bulo.hjenglish.com/event/©版权所有沪江网鍡儢㖬�뿙鲕ॖand stared at her intently-the time-tested way to tell if a baby is interested. On the fourth peek, though, Montague emerged with a sad look on her face. This time, the response was much different. "They not only looked away, "she says, but wouldn't look back even when she began smiling again. Refusing to make eye contact is a classic baby sign of distress. An angry face got their attention once again, but their faces showed no pleasure. "They seemed primed to be alert, even vigilant, "Montague says. "I realize that's speculative in regard to infants. . . I think it shows that babies younger than 6 months find meaning in expressions. "

They are also far more sophisticated intellectually than we once believed. Babies, as young as 4 months, have advanced powers of deduction and an ability to understand the intricate patterns. They have a surprisingly visual palette(燃料，调色板), which enables them to notice small differences, especially in faces, that adults 癉䗟裡勇劶꠲℣http://bulo.hjenglish.com/q/©版权所有沪江网℣꠲劶勇裡䗟癉and older children lose the ability to see. Until a baby is 3 months old, he can recognize a photograph of his mother just as quickly as a photo in which everything is in the right place.

Challenges and Dangers of Baby Research

This might be a good place to pause for a word about the challenges and dangers of baby research. Since the subjects can't speak for themselves, figuring out what's going on inside their heads is often a matter of reading their faces ꦕ뿆̔ౣ캈ㆦhttp://bulo.hjenglish.com/menu.htm©版权所有沪江网ㆦ캈ౣ̔뿆ꦕand body language. If this seems speculative, it's not. Over decades of trial and error, researchers have fine-tuned their observation skills and zeroed in on numerous consistent baby responses to various stimuli: how long they stare at an object, what they reach out for ᙑ妬候魵ꈐ㪹捂http://www.hjbbs.com/©版权所有沪江网捂㪹ꈐ魵候妬ᙑand what makes them recoil in fear or disgust can often tell experienced researchers everything they need to know. More recently, scientists have added EEGs and laser eye tracking, which allow more precise readings.

1.   The passage is mainly about those researches that focus on the emotional and intellectual abilities of those very young babies.

2.   The purpose of the experiment on Victoria Bateman is to find out how important the mother's love is to her baby.

3.   In the experiment, Victoria Bateman cried because she thought that her mother didn't love her any more.

4.   Only through reading emotional responses can doctors tell whether a 3-month baby will get possible psychological disorders.

5.   Pediatricians are now paying less attention to physical development of their baby patients but more to _________________.

6.   Hoffman's study revealed that babies are born to show other crying babies _________________.

7.   The findings of Diane's test demonstrated the baby's ability to recognize _________________.

8.   It is amazing to find that the visual palette of a baby helps him to notice _________________. 

9.   As for the challenges, those researchers have to obtain those findings about babies' mind by reading _________________.

10.   In order to gain more precise readings  about babies'  mind, scientists have adopted the skills of EEGs 幧Ꙛ뫓�밆ᳪ沪江四六级欢迎您!©版权所有沪江网ᳪ밆�뫓Ꙛ幧and _________________.  

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